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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. H. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate important to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that waters include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate includes the associated biological communities that make these areas well suited for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used anytime during the species' life pattern.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|

NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific details. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is always to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non angling impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act offers jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries the moment their actions or actions may adversely affect an environment identified by federal local fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which stipulate procedures for implementation in the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended simply by publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and aspect the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing procedures and coastal and marine development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal firms work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed types. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing about EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or recommended actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on keep away from, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of sport fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.

State firms and private landowners are not required to consult with NMFS. EFH meetings are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to variety and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Habitat areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet for least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a home type that is/will become stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs contain important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory safety as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed as threatened or endangered beneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical case include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered species that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at the moment a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and regulations, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
Home characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures hidden the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These demeure are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom home types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges when they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical composition for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Qualities that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that use them include sediment wheat size, salinity, dissolved fresh air and flow.
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